…Data Gathering + Optimization (1950s ) = Business Mainframe Deployment 1955 1965 1975 Banks Insurance Credit Cards Bank of America Aetna Visa Process Checks Optimize Insurance Policies Manage Merchant Network Telecom Airlines Retail Bell Labs / AT&T American Airlines Walmart Optimize Telephone Switching Process Transactions / Data Track Inventory / Logistics Hospitals Tulane Medical School System Manage Patient Data Source: Bank of America, IBM, Computer World (9/85), Network Computing (3/04), Computer History Museum, Walmart Museum. Note: Banks (1952): Bank of America adopted ‘Electronic Recording Method of Accounting’ system developed by Stanford Research Institute. Telecom (1955): Bell Labs 180 installed the IBM 650 to facilitate engineering for complex automated telephone switching systems. Hospitals (1959): Tulane Medical School System installed the IBM 650 to process medical record data. Airlines (1962): IBM computers integrated into SABRE system. Insurance (1965): Aetna installed IBM’s 360 to automate policy creation. Retail (1972): Walmart established a data processing facility. Credit Cards (1973): Year IBM partnered with Visa.