Data Gathering + Optimization (1950s ) = Enabled by Mainframe Adoption… Mainframe Shipment Value & Units $16B 16K USA , $12B 12K e lu USA a , V t n e Units m $8B 8K e ip Sh e nfram m ai M fra$4B 4K in a M $0 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Shipment Value Annual Mainframe Shipments Source: W. Edward Steinmueller: The USA Software Industry: An Analysis and Interpretive History (3/95). 178