Car Automation Accuracy / Safety Improvements = Accelerating... Early Innings of Level 2 / Level 3 NHTSA – Automated Driving System Classifications L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 No Function- Combined Limited Full Automation Specific Function Self-Driving Self-Driving Automation Automation Automation Automation • Driver in complete and • Automation of one or • Automation of at least • Driver able to cede full • Vehicle can perform all sole control of primary more primary vehicle two primary vehicle control of all safety- safety-critical driving on vehicle controls (brake, control functions, but no control systems critical functions under and monitoring i steering, throttle, motive combination of systems working in unison certain conditions. functions during an pt power) at all times. working in unison Driver is expected to be entire trip i Systems with warning r available for occasional c technology (e.g. control, but with s forward collision sufficiently comfortable De warning) do not imply transition time automation • N/A • ABS • Tesla Autopilot • Google Car (manned • Google Car e • Cruise Control • GM Super Cruise prototype) l p • Electronic Stability (2017) m Control xa • Park Assist E • Since cars invented • 1990s – Today • 2010s • 2010s • ? e e (1760s) m m Ti a Fr Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “Policy on Automated Vehicle Deployment” (5/2013), Tesla, General Motors, Google, media reports KPCB INTERNET TRENDS 2016 | PAGE 139